Chapter 4

• "Nebuchadnezzar the king, to all peoples, nations, and languages that dwell in all the earth: May you have abundant peace!
  
• I have found it fitting to declare the signs and wonders that the Most High God has worked toward me.
  
• How great are His signs, and how mighty His wonders! His kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and His dominion endures from generation to generation!

The Disappearance of Nebuchadnezzar’s Letter

The letter referenced in the Book of Daniel is intended for the entire Babylonian Empire, according to the prologue. However, the persistent question is why there is no historical or archival evidence related to such a “sensational news.” No reference, no historical document from the Babylonian period mentions this letter, raising suspicions among many historians and theologians. From this, some conclude that the entire story is a fabrication, and Daniel included this letter for purely artistic reasons, as a fiction. However, this is clearly nonsensical.

Daniel was not only a man of truth, but his entire book is marked by historical accounts and prophecies that have been fulfilled. How could he then include a fictitious letter, totally contrary to his character and the narrative logic of the rest of the book? This theory is superficial and poorly formulated. It cannot be seriously maintained that Daniel, who proved throughout his work to be an accurate chronicler of history and a recognized prophet, would have added a fictitious element to his stories.

At the end of Nebuchadnezzar's reign, there is a seven-year period in which he simply disappears from the Babylonian chronologies. During this time, it is as if the king were non-existent in official histories. After these seven years, he reappears at the end of his reign, and soon dies, receiving all the royal honors due. This absence of seven years perfectly coincides with the account in Daniel's published letter, in which Nebuchadnezzar undergoes a period of humiliation and recognition of the power of Daniel's God. This fact is an indirect confirmation of the letter’s veracity, not a denial.

Those who claim that Daniel invented the letter strike directly at the honesty of this biblical figure. The Book of Daniel, along with other biblical references, describes him as a righteous and serious man, who would have no reason to introduce a fiction into a historical and prophetic text. On the contrary, each part of his accounts is an example of historical accuracy and fidelity to divine truths. Therefore, to argue that Daniel created such a letter out of nothing is an insult to both his character and the overall message of the book.

A more robust counter-argument leads us to the conclusion that the letter is authentic, and Daniel was the only one who kept a copy of it. He integrated it into his book precisely to provide testimony to its veracity. But then the question arises: if this letter was intended for the entire Babylonian Empire, why are there no other sources that mention its dissemination?

The answer is evident: the letter was suppressed by imperial forces that had every interest in blocking the spread of such "news." The content of the letter presented Daniel and his God in a very favorable light, something intolerable for the Babylonian priests and the empire's religious system. Babylon had its own gods and temples dedicated to the god Marduk, and its priests formed an army of influential supporters. It would have been an act of self-sabotage on their part to allow the circulation of a letter that portrayed the God of Daniel as superior to the Babylonian gods.

The fact that the letter disappeared from the chronicles and archives is no coincidence. It was undoubtedly "buried" by priests and officials who had an interest in blocking such information. Moreover, the death of Nebuchadnezzar, which followed shortly after this traumatic period, provided an additional reason for these priests to stop the spread of the letter. Thus, the letter failed to get past the "censorship" imposed by the elites of the time.

In conclusion, the absence of this letter from other historical sources is not evidence of its falsity, but an indication of how religious and political censorship in Babylon worked to protect the prestige and authority of the Babylonian religious system. Daniel, a faithful witness to the events, preserved this letter for posterity and integrated it into his book as a testimony to the power of his God and the humiliation that King Nebuchadnezzar went through.

Here is how the letter continues:

• "I, Nebuchadnezzar, was at ease in my house and flourishing in my palace.
• I had a dream that frightened me; the thoughts on my bed and the visions of my head troubled me. Therefore,
• I issued a decree to bring in all the wise men of Babylon before me that they might make known to me the interpretation of the dream.
• Then the magicians, the astrologers, the Chaldeans, and the soothsayers came in, and I told them the dream, but they did not make known to me its interpretation.
• At last Daniel came in before me, who is named Belteshazzar, according to the name of my god, and in whom is the spirit of the holy gods; and before him I told the dream, saying,
• 'O Belteshazzar, master of the magicians, because I know that the spirit of the holy gods is in you and no secret troubles you, tell me the visions of my dream that I have seen and its interpretation.
• Here are the visions of my head while on my bed: I was looking, and behold, a tree in the midst of the earth, and its height was great.
• The tree grew and became strong; its height reached to the heavens, and it could be seen to the ends of all the earth. Its leaves were lovely, its fruit abundant, and in it was food for all. The beasts of the field found shade under it, the birds of the heavens dwelt in its branches, and all flesh was fed from it.
• I saw in the visions of my head while on my bed, and there was a watcher, a holy one, coming down from heaven.
• He cried aloud and said thus: 'Chop down the tree and cut off its branches, strip off its leaves and scatter its fruit. Let the beasts get away from under it and the birds from its branches.
• Nevertheless leave the stump of its roots in the earth, bound with a band of iron and bronze, in the tender grass of the field; let it be wet with the dew of heaven, and let him graze with the beasts on the grass of the earth.
• Let his heart be changed from that of a man, and let him be given the heart of a beast, and let seven times pass over him.
• This decision is by the decree of the watchers, and the sentence by the word of the holy ones, in order that the living may know that the Most High rules in the kingdom of men, gives it to whomever He will, and sets over it the lowest of men.'
• This dream I, King Nebuchadnezzar, have seen. Now you, Belteshazzar, declare its interpretation, since all the wise men of my kingdom are not able to make known to me the interpretation; but you are able, for the spirit of the holy gods is in you.'
• Then Daniel, whose name was Belteshazzar, was astonished for a time, and his thoughts troubled him. The king spoke and said, 'Belteshazzar, do not let the dream or its interpretation trouble you.' Belteshazzar answered and said, 'My lord, may the dream be for those who hate you, and its interpretation for your enemies!
• The tree that you saw, which grew and became strong, whose height reached to the heavens and which could be seen by all the earth,
• whose leaves were lovely and its fruit abundant, in which was food for all, under which the beasts of the field dwelt, and in whose branches the birds of the heavens had their home—
• it is you, O king, who have grown and become strong; for your greatness has grown and reaches to the heavens, and your dominion to the ends of the earth.
• And inasmuch as the king saw a watcher, a holy one, coming down from heaven and saying, ‘Chop down the tree and destroy it, but leave its stump and roots in the earth, bound with a band of iron and bronze in the tender grass of the field; let it be wet with the dew of heaven, and let him graze with the beasts of the field, till seven times pass over him’;
• this is the interpretation, O king, and this is the decree of the Most High, which has come upon my lord the king:
• They shall drive you from men, your dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field, and they shall make you eat grass like oxen. They shall wet you with the dew of heaven, and seven times shall pass over you, till you know that the Most High rules in the kingdom of men, and gives it to whomever He chooses.
• And inasmuch as they gave the command to leave the stump and roots of the tree, your kingdom shall be assured to you after you come to know that Heaven rules.
• Therefore, O king, let my advice be acceptable to you; break off your sins by being righteous, and your iniquities by showing mercy to the poor. Perhaps there may be a lengthening of your prosperity.'
• All this came upon King Nebuchadnezzar.
• Twelve months later, as he was walking about the royal palace of Babylon,
• the king spoke and said: 'Is not this the great Babylon that I have built as a royal residence, by my mighty power and for the glory of my majesty?'
• While the word was still in the king's mouth, a voice fell from heaven: 'King Nebuchadnezzar, to you it is spoken: The kingdom has departed from you!
• They shall drive you from men, and your dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field. They shall make you eat grass like oxen, and seven times shall pass over you, until you know that the Most High rules in the kingdom of men and gives it to whomever He chooses.'
• Immediately the word was fulfilled upon Nebuchadnezzar. He was driven from men and ate grass like oxen; his body was wet with the dew of heaven till his hair grew like eagles' feathers and his nails like birds' claws.
• 'After the appointed time had passed, I, Nebuchadnezzar, lifted my eyes to heaven, and my sanity was restored. Then I praised the Most High; I honored and glorified Him who lives forever. His dominion is an everlasting dominion, and His kingdom endures from generation to generation.
• All the inhabitants of the earth are regarded as nothing; He does as He pleases with the powers of heaven and the peoples of the earth. No one can hold back His hand or say to Him: 'What have you done?'
• At that time my sanity was restored, my honor and splendor were returned to me for the glory of my kingdom. My advisers and nobles sought me out, and I was restored to my throne and became even greater than before.
• Now I, Nebuchadnezzar, praise and exalt and glorify the King of heaven, because all His works are true and His ways just, and He can humble those who walk in pride.'"

The Reign of Nebuchadnezzar

Nebuchadnezzar II began his reign around 605 BC, following the death of his father, Nabopolassar. Most historians believe Nebuchadnezzar was about 30 years old when he ascended to the throne, based on the fact that he was already an experienced military commander at that time, having had successes in campaigns, such as the one at Carchemish.

Nebuchadnezzar reigned for 43 years, until 562 BC, and is thought to have died at about 70 years of age. This estimate is based on calculations related to the duration of his reign and his military and administrative activities before becoming king.

A detailed list of documented events from the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II, based on Babylonian chronicles and other historical sources, will help us better understand the context of this letter.

Here is the chronicle:

Rise and Early Military Campaigns (circa 610–605 BC)

• 610 BC: Nebuchadnezzar serves as a general for his father, Nabopolassar, in campaigns against the Assyrians, particularly at Harran.
• 609 BC: Nebuchadnezzar participates in battles against Egypt, supported by the remnants of the Assyrians.
• 605 BC: The Battle of Carchemish against the Egyptians and Assyrians is considered Nebuchadnezzar's decisive victory, consolidating Babylonian control over the region. After this battle, his father's death prompts him to quickly return to Babylon, where he assumes the throne.

Consolidation of Reign (605–600 BC)

• 605 BC: Nebuchadnezzar ascends the throne and continues to consolidate control over the territories in the Levant. In the first months of his reign, Nebuchadnezzar campaigns in Syria and Palestine, extending Babylonian control over these regions.
• 604 BC: Siege of the city of Ashkelon in Palestine. The city is completely destroyed, and its population deported to Babylon.
• 603 BC: Continues military campaigns against the Phoenician city-states. Cuneiform reports mention his military expeditions against the coastal cities.
• 602 BC: Nebuchadnezzar initiates another military campaign against Egypt but with limited success. A revolt by Babylonian military elites follows but is quickly suppressed.

Campaigns in Levant and Jerusalem (600–590 BC)

• 601 BC: Nebuchadnezzar undertakes a major campaign against Egypt but suffers significant losses. The Egyptians resist, and the Babylonians retreat to regroup.
• 598–597 BC: Nebuchadnezzar besieges Jerusalem due to the rebellion of King Jehoiakim of Judah. Jehoiakim dies during the siege, and his son Jehoiachin is taken prisoner and deported to Babylon. Zedekiah is installed as a vassal king in Judah.
• 595 BC: Military revolt in Babylon, led by rebel officers. Nebuchadnezzar manages to suppress it, but this event shows internal vulnerabilities in the Empire.
• 594 BC: Zedekiah, the vassal king of Judah, begins to conspire against Babylon with the support of Egypt.

Political and Military Events (590–585 BC)

• 591 BC: Military campaigns against Arab tribes and southern desert regions. Cuneiform documents indicate Babylonian expeditions against northern Arabian regions to subdue nomadic tribes.
• 590 BC: Nebuchadnezzar begins preparing a new campaign against Jerusalem, following Zedekiah's treacherous actions.
• 589 BC: The siege of Jerusalem is resumed, and the city is surrounded.
• 587/586 BC: Jerusalem is completely conquered and destroyed after a prolonged siege. Solomon's Temple is demolished, and the population is massively deported to Babylon.

Siege and Subjugation of Tyre (585–573 BC)

• 585 BC: Nebuchadnezzar begins the siege of the city of Tyre. The Phoenician city, one of the wealthiest and most powerful commercial cities on the coast, withstands a lengthy siege.
• 585–573 BC: The siege of Tyre lasts about 13 years. Although the city is not entirely conquered, it eventually accepts a peace favorable to the Babylonians, and control over the city's commerce is consolidated.

Campaigns against Egypt and Other Conflicts (circa 570–562 BC)

• 572 BC: Nebuchadnezzar resumes a campaign against Egypt, aiming to reduce Egyptian influence over the region and take control of North African trade.
• 570 BC: Reports of an invasion of Egypt by Nebuchadnezzar, though it appears his success was limited, with no permanent conquest.
• 569 BC: Nebuchadnezzar suppresses local revolts in the empire's peripheral provinces, especially in the Phoenician region.

Final Years of Reign (562 BC)

• 562 BC: Nebuchadnezzar dies at about 70 years old, leaving behind a vast and stabilized empire. He is succeeded by his son, Amel-Marduk.
• Architectural and Infrastructure Projects
• Fortifications of Babylon: Nebuchadnezzar expanded and strengthened the walls of Babylon, building impressive fortifications, including the famous Ishtar Gate, adorned with images of bulls and dragons.
• Canals and Irrigation Systems: He built numerous canals and irrigation systems to improve agriculture and supply the city with water.
• Royal Palace and Esagila: Reconstruction and expansion of the royal palace, as well as restoration and beautification of Esagila, the main temple dedicated to the god Marduk.

These events include both major moments and minor details that highlight the complexity and vastness of Nebuchadnezzar II's reign.

After the death of Nebuchadnezzar II in 562 BC, the Neo-Babylonian Empire began to enter a period of decline, but several significant events occurred until the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus the Great in 539 BC.

Events following the death of Nebuchadnezzar:

• The Reign of Amel-Marduk (562–560 BC)
• 562 BC: Following the death of Nebuchadnezzar, his son, Amel-Marduk (known as Evil-Merodach in the Bible), assumes the throne. His reign is described as short and filled with instability.
• 561 BC: According to the Bible (2 Kings 25:27–30), Amel-Marduk releases Jehoiachin, the former king of Judah, from prison and grants him privileges at the Babylonian court. Not much else is known about his foreign or domestic policies.
• 560 BC: Amel-Marduk is assassinated by his brother-in-law, Neriglissar, who then takes the throne.

The Reign of Neriglissar (560–556 BC)

• 560 BC: Neriglissar becomes king of Babylon. He was Nebuchadnezzar's brother-in-law, married to one of his daughters, and appears to have had significant military and administrative experience.
• Around 559 BC: Neriglissar launches a military campaign against the kingdom of Cilicia, in what is now southeastern Turkey. This expedition is considered a success, consolidating Babylonian control over that region.
• 556 BC: Neriglissar dies after a short but stable reign and is succeeded by his son, Labashi-Marduk.

The Reign of Labashi-Marduk (556 BC)

• 556 BC: Labashi-Marduk becomes king at a young age, but his reign lasts only a few months. He is removed through a conspiracy by the nobles and the Babylonian army and is killed in a palace coup.
• 556 BC: Nabonidus (Nabonid), a Babylonian general and noble, is chosen king following the conspiracy.

The Reign of Nabonidus (556–539 BC)

• 556 BC: Nabonidus becomes king of Babylon. He is known for his unusual religious interests, especially his devotion to the moon god Sin, which creates tensions with the traditional priesthood of Babylon, loyal to the god Marduk.
• 552 BC: Nabonidus relocates his residence to the city of Tema in northwest Arabia for an extended period (about 10 years). During his absence, his son, Belshazzar (Belshazzar), takes over the internal affairs of the empire as regent in Babylon.
• 550 BC: Cyrus the Great, king of Persia, begins the expansion of the Achaemenid Empire and conquers the kingdom of Media. This marks the beginning of the rise of Persian power, which will become a major threat to Babylon. Internal and Religious

Tensions in Babylon

• Around 549–540 BC: Nabonidus continues his controversial religious policies, favoring the god Sin over the god Marduk. This creates tensions with the priesthood in Babylon and the population, who were deeply attached to the traditional cult of Marduk. These grievances contribute to the weakening of his authority in Babylon.
• Around 540 BC: Nabonidus returns to Babylon, aware of the growing threat posed by Cyrus the Great, who had already conquered the kingdom of Lydia (in Asia Minor).

The Conquest of Babylon by Cyrus the Great (539 BC)

• October 539 BC: Cyrus the Great's army, led by General Gobryas (Ugbaru), invades Babylon. In the battle of Opis, the Babylonian army is decisively defeated, and the city of Babylon is conquered with little resistance.
• October 539 BC: Babylon is captured by Persian troops, and Nabonidus is taken prisoner. In a surprising event, Cyrus enters Babylon without major opposition, being well received by the city's inhabitants. This was largely due to his policy of religious tolerance and promises to restore the worship of Marduk.
• 539 BC: Cyrus issues the Cyrus Cylinder, an important document announcing his policy of religious tolerance and the liberation of subjugated peoples, including the Jews exiled in Babylon, whom he allows to return to Judah. End of the Neo-Babylonian Empire
• 539 BC: Cyrus the Great becomes the ruler of Babylon and the entire Neo-Babylonian Empire, incorporating it into the Persian Empire. This marks the official end of the Neo-Babylonian dynasty and the beginning of the Achaemenid period of dominance.

This period between 562 and 539 BC is marked by political instability, internal conflicts, and the rise of Persian power under Cyrus the Great, which ultimately led to the fall of Babylon.

Now that we have an overview of Babylonian history, it will be easier for us to understand what happened with Nebuchadnezzar according to the letter we are studying.

An Exact Historical Match

The biblical text from the book of Daniel provides a significant episode from the life of King Nebuchadnezzar, describing a period of seven years in which he experienced a profound psychological breakdown, followed by a miraculous restoration. This episode is placed near the end of his reign, and the details in the text confirm that the events are presented literally. Based on the historical context and available data, the period 570–563 BC fits best with these events, offering a clear and coherent understanding of the occurrences.

• Consolidation of the Babylonian Empire

A primary argument for placing Nebuchadnezzar's madness in the period 570–563 BC is the state of the Babylonian Empire at that time. Nebuchadnezzar makes a strong statement in the biblical text: "Is not this the great Babylon...". This declaration is not just an expression of personal pride, but reflects the reality of immense architectural and political achievements. Before this period, Nebuchadnezzar had overseen monumental works that transformed Babylon into the most splendid city of the ancient world.

By 570 BC, his major projects, such as the Ishtar Gate, the Walls of Babylon, and the Hanging Gardens, had been completed. Nebuchadnezzar had turned the city into a symbol of his power and glory, consolidating his position as the greatest king of his time. Thus, the text in Daniel perfectly captures this peak moment of his achievements, when the king expresses his pride in a way that is evident and justified.

• Political Stability and Lack of Major Events

Another strong argument for this period is the fact that, after years of intense conflict characterizing the first two decades of his reign, Nebuchadnezzar enters a phase of relative stability. Following his campaigns against Tyre (585–573 BC) and Egypt, there are no more major military conflicts requiring his direct involvement. This period of peace and prosperity allows the king to withdraw from public life without his absence being noticed or affecting the political stability of the empire.

This context of stability and the absence of major political or military events are crucial for understanding the moment of his "madness." In a time of crisis or war, it would have been impossible for the king to disappear from the public scene for seven years without serious consequences. However, in this quiet period, his absence could be easily overlooked, especially given that he already had a team of trusted officials and generals who could manage the empire's affairs.

• End of His Reign and His Death in 562 BC

Another decisive factor in this analysis is the fact that Nebuchadnezzar dies in 562 BC, and the text in Daniel places the episode of madness near the end of his life. This makes the period 570–563 BC ideal for placing this seven-year episode. If Nebuchadnezzar underwent such an experience of "madness," it is logical to place it in this period, at the end of his reign, when his empire was consolidated and his constant presence on the political scene was no longer necessary.

This period of "madness" would have ended with his restoration to the throne, prior to his death in 562 BC, when he would have once again received the honors due to a monarch. This restoration was perceived as a miracle, thus confirming Daniel's beliefs and solidifying his interpretation.

• Absence of Nebuchadnezzar

The period 570–563 BC provides the most suitable time window to place Nebuchadnezzar's episode of "madness." During this time, Babylon was already consolidated and the king could reflect on his greatness, political stability allowed for a temporary absence of the king without serious consequences, and the end of his reign coincides with the events described in the book of Daniel.

These solid arguments lead us to the conclusion that the events presented in the biblical text are grounded in a clear and precise historical reality.

The Significance of the "Seven Times"

In Genesis 17:21, God tells Abraham that Sarah will bear a son, Isaac, “at this time next year.” Here, “time” is clearly used to denote a calendar year. This is an evident example where “time” is directly associated with a 12-month cycle, providing a solid basis for interpreting that, in other parts of the Bible, such as in Daniel 4, the term “time” also denotes a year.

This usage of “time” as a period of one year creates a strong precedent for understanding the expression “seven times” as referring to seven years in the context of Nebuchadnezzar’s experience. In the same way that God gave Abraham a concrete promise regarding time, using “time” to denote a year, so in Daniel 4 the expression “seven times” must be understood literally as referring to seven years.

This parallel is important because it establishes that the term “time” has a literal meaning of “year” in various passages of the Bible, not just in the context of seasons or undefined periods of time. In the context of Nebuchadnezzar’s experience, seven years are a predetermined period for mental degradation followed by restoration, which fits perfectly with the use of the term “time” as equivalent to a year, as we also see in Genesis 17:21.

A Testament to Mental Instability

Having established that the expression “seven times” represents seven years and that these events occur at the end of Nebuchadnezzar’s reign, the biblical text proves to be an authentic “public letter” or a kind of “testament” of his, transmitted to his entire empire. This letter is not just an account of historical events, but a deeply personal confession, in which Nebuchadnezzar describes the anxiety and terror that marked him during this period.

The beginning of Nebuchadnezzar’s letter says: “I, Nebuchadnezzar, was at ease in my house and flourishing in my palace.” This statement reflects a moment of calm, but is immediately followed by a drastic change in his mental state. The king acknowledges having a dream that deeply frightened him, and the “thoughts that troubled me in my bed” and “the visions of my head” filled him with dread.

Here, Nebuchadnezzar describes a state of maximum anxiety, a mental tension that did not allow him to rest. He lives with constant fear, besieged by visions and thoughts that disturbed his inner peace. This experience is not isolated; it ties to an earlier episode in his life, presented in Daniel 2, when he had another dream, the dream of the “head of gold.”

In chapter 2, Daniel explains to Nebuchadnezzar that he is symbolized by the “head of gold” in his dream. This reflects his greatness and authority as the leader of a powerful empire. However, the irony of the situation is that, although he is the “head of gold” – the undisputed symbol of power and glory – it is precisely in his “head” where these mental turmoils are occurring.

The dream in chapter 4 underscores his psychological decline and reflects a deeper reality: the king, who had total control over an empire, no longer has control over his own psyche. Anxiety and thoughts of terror overwhelm him and push him into a state of extreme vulnerability, a humiliation that contrasts with his image as the “head of gold.” Nebuchadnezzar becomes a prisoner of his own thoughts, a devastating experience for someone accustomed to absolute power.

As the text suggests, this state of anxiety is not just a temporary disorder, but marks a turning point in Nebuchadnezzar’s life. Just as at the beginning of his reign, when he was troubled by the dream of the “head of gold,” now, towards the end of his life, the king enters a severe state of mental instability. This is a reflection of his inner suffering and the culmination of his psychological struggle that led to the "seven years" of madness.

Nebuchadnezzar, the most powerful man in the world, reaches a state of extreme degradation and vulnerability. His public letter is a testimony to this downfall and a proof that, regardless of social position or power held, the human mind can be subject to terrible sufferings. This represents not just a lesson in humility but also a symbol of human limitations, even for those who seem invincible.

Truth and Spiritual Compatibility

In the book of Daniel, chapter 4, Nebuchadnezzar recounts how, after having another disturbing dream, he commanded that all the wise men of Babylon be brought before him, "the magicians, the astrologers, the Chaldeans, and the soothsayers," to interpret the dream. Unlike the first occasion, when the dream had been forgotten and needed to be recounted by those who were to interpret it, this time Nebuchadnezzar detailed his dream to them. Yet, none of these "professionals" managed to provide an interpretation that convinced him.

Nebuchadnezzar had gone through a similar situation at the beginning of his reign, described in Daniel 2, when he dreamed about the "golden image." At that time, he had asked the magicians and Chaldeans to tell him both the dream and its interpretation. They refused, arguing that such a request was impossible, even "illegal" from the standpoint of their techniques. However, this time, he provided the dream in detail, thus eliminating the first barrier. Yet, even so, the wise men of Babylon failed to give an interpretation that aligned with what he felt was true.

The inability of these professionals to interpret the dream is significant. Although they no longer had the excuse of not knowing the dream, their interpretative techniques failed to provide Nebuchadnezzar with the answer he sought. The king was no longer in a state of uncertainty as with the first dream, when he could not clearly remember what he had dreamed. Now he knew all the details well, but was unable to accept the interpretations offered. This raises a fundamental question: why, although they were highly knowledgeable professionals, were they unable to provide the right answer?

The Difference Between 'Science' and Truth

What becomes clear from the biblical account is that the interpretations offered by these wise men had no real effect on Nebuchadnezzar. Although each applied their techniques and knowledge to provide an explanation, no interpretation managed to convince him. This highlights a crucial distinction: an interpretation is valuable not just for its beauty or logic, but for its ability to convey truth and resonate with the recipient.

Nebuchadnezzar, though overwhelmed with dread and anxiety due to the dream, could not accept any interpretation that did not bring clarity. Unlike the first experience, when Daniel told him both the dream and the interpretation and convinced him on the spot, now, despite the efforts of the wise men, the king did not feel the same enlightenment. Truth was what Nebuchadnezzar sought, and nothing that these men told him awakened the same inner certainty. He felt that the interpretations received did not reflect the compatibility between what he dreamed and the true meaning of the dream.

Spiritual Compatibility

It is important to note that, in his account of the dream in Daniel 2, Nebuchadnezzar bursts into joy when Daniel provides both the dream and its interpretation. This strong reaction indicates that Daniel managed to achieve that "compatibility" between the meaning of the dream and the deep understanding that the king was seeking. The same compatibility did not occur in the case of the interpretations offered by the other professionals, leading to a complete failure.

Although the text does not describe in detail how these wise men offered their interpretations, it is evident that Nebuchadnezzar was not convinced. The fact that there was no "scandal" or tension, as there had been the first time when he asked them to tell him the dream and interpretation, suggests that this time the process was "normal" but lacked the desired impact. This underscores again that, for Nebuchadnezzar, it was not enough just to hear an interpretation; he needed to feel that it was true, compatible with what he had dreamed and with what he sought to understand.

Truth as the Essential Element

Nebuchadnezzar was seeking truth above all else, not just a beautiful or logical interpretation. Although the royal professionals had extensive knowledge and knew how to interpret dreams using their techniques, they could not reach the truth. The interpretations, no matter how grandiose or well-structured, failed to convince the king because they did not address his inner turmoil.

This episode underscores that truth is the essential element that Nebuchadnezzar was seeking, and any interpretation that does not reach this truth becomes irrelevant. Although the scientific techniques and knowledge of the Babylonians were valued, they could not replace the true and profound revelation, which only Daniel managed to provide in the first episode and would provide again later.

Why Didn't He Directly Approach Daniel?

A careful reader of the Book of Daniel might wonder why Nebuchadnezzar did not immediately turn to Daniel for the interpretation of his dream, given that Daniel had been the only one able to provide accurate information in the past. Why did he choose to first call on the other "wise men" of the empire, who had previously failed? The biblical text provides a simple and direct answer: "At last Daniel came in before me—he who was named Belteshazzar after the name of my god, and in whom is the spirit of the holy gods." This mention clarifies several essential aspects about Daniel's role and the reasons why he was not called or did not appear immediately.

An Important Position and Multiple Occupations

It is important to understand that Daniel was not merely a servant at the court but was "chief of the magicians" and "the chief of all the wise men of Babylon," as mentioned as early as Daniel 2. After correctly interpreting Nebuchadnezzar's first dream, Daniel was elevated to a position of great authority, receiving vast responsibilities over the entire region of Babylon.

Thus, Daniel was the leader of those who had already been summoned by the king. The fact that he did not immediately present himself does not mean he was excluded from the process, but simply that he did not arrive as quickly as the others. The biblical text does not explain this aspect in detail, but we can deduce that Daniel, being involved in important tasks, was probably away from the palace. During this period, his extended responsibilities would have involved travel, given that Daniel did not have modern means of communication or transportation but worked "the old-fashioned way," physically managing various activities of the empire.

Daniel, the Final Solution

When Daniel presents himself before Nebuchadnezzar, he is not greeted with reproach but with full respect and trust from the emperor: "I know that the spirit of the holy gods is in you and no mystery is too difficult for you." This remark underscores that Daniel was already known for his extraordinary abilities to interpret dreams and that Nebuchadnezzar relied on him as the final solution. The emperor does not hesitate to tell him the dream and ask for its interpretation, understanding that Daniel holds the key to the truth, as he had done in the past.

The fact that Daniel arrived later and that all the other "wise men" had already tried their skills does not indicate a lack of confidence on Nebuchadnezzar's part. On the contrary, the text suggests that Daniel was expected as the "last resort," after the attempts of the other professionals had failed again. This dynamic is interesting: Daniel was known as the only one capable of providing the correct interpretation, and his delay was not seen as a problem but rather as an inevitable wait.

The Supernatural Struggle for His Destiny

Nebuchadnezzar's letter from the Book of Daniel is a dramatic history filled with divine revelations, warnings, and intense spiritual battles. It all begins with the king's declaration: "I, Nebuchadnezzar, was at ease in my house and flourishing in my palace." However, this state of tranquility and happiness was shattered by this troubling dream: "I saw a dream which made me afraid; the thoughts on my bed and the visions of my head terrified me." When Daniel heard the dream, he was deeply troubled, aware of its significance: a supernatural attack was about to strike at Nebuchadnezzar's life and destiny.

From Happiness to Terror

Nebuchadnezzar confesses that before this dream, he was happy and lived in a state of peace and comfort. However, the dream completely changed this state, filling him with terror. As he says, "the visions of my head terrified me," indicating a strong sense of unease and fear. The terror described by Nebuchadnezzar shows that what he saw in the dream was not just an ordinary dream experience but a revelation of a supernatural and terrible reality. This terror reflects that the dream did not bring good news but a serious warning about his future.

Daniel, as a prophet of God, immediately understood that the dream represented a divine warning. That is why, when he heard the dream, he "was astonished for a moment, and his thoughts troubled him." Daniel, who had access to divine revelations, realized that this dream represented a critical moment in the emperor's life. He understood that Nebuchadnezzar was under the threat of a supernatural attack from "adverse spirits."

The Dream - A History in Advance

Nebuchadnezzar's dream was not just a simple foretelling but a detailed history of what was to happen in reality. Daniel knew that this dream was not symbolic or metaphorical but a clear warning about an imminent destiny if the emperor did not make the necessary changes. As Daniel tells him: "May the dream be for those who hate you, and its interpretation for your enemies!" This statement shows how grave the situation was; Daniel wished that the dream would apply to the emperor's enemies, not the emperor himself.

However, Daniel not only provided the interpretation of the dream but also a way out. He advised Nebuchadnezzar: "Break off your sins by practicing righteousness and your iniquities by showing mercy to the oppressed, so perhaps your prosperity will be prolonged!" This was not just a suggestion but a clear warning that the dream had been given as a divine alert. God, in His sovereignty, knew all the details of the past, present, and future, and this dream was evidence that the emperor's destiny was known and could only be changed through deep and sincere repentance.

The Spiritual Battle for Nebuchadnezzar's Destiny

Another important aspect of the dream is the spiritual battle that was unfolding around Nebuchadnezzar's destiny. Daniel, in his interpretation, understood that "adverse spirits" were trying to intervene and change the emperor's destiny. As had been revealed to Nebuchadnezzar in the previous vision of the statue with the golden head, he had been designated as the "head of gold," the symbol of power and authority over the other empires that were to come. However, now these spirits were trying to completely destroy him, erode his greatness, and remove him from the throne.

Daniel realized that this dream was part of a supernatural plan of destruction. The "head of gold" – Nebuchadnezzar – needed to be eliminated, but Daniel saw in this dream not just a condemnation but also a warning. If the emperor followed his advice to end his sins and live righteously, he could change the course of events. This "way out" offered a means to prevent total destruction.

Negative Influences and Wrong Decisions

Despite Daniel's advice, Nebuchadnezzar did not heed his counsel. Although it is not specified exactly why he did not follow the advice, it is evident that the emperor was influenced by other advisors at his court. These "sorcerers" and "interpreters," who had proven inferior to Daniel on numerous occasions, now had an opportunity to negatively influence the emperor. These advisors, likely harboring resentment towards Daniel for his previous successes, sought to gain the emperor's favor and steer him away from divine counsel.

Ultimately, Nebuchadnezzar's disobedience led to a sudden transformation, which can only be explained supernaturally. As with Job, changes in Nebuchadnezzar's life came suddenly and unexpectedly, as a result of negative influences and supernatural attacks on him.

Occult Practices in Babylon

To demonstrate the clear connection between the biblical story of Nebuchadnezzar and the reality of occult practices in Babylon, there are several ancient sources that provide solid evidence about the influence of witchcraft, magic, and occultism in Babylonian society. These documents detail how Babylonian magicians and sorcerers controlled supernatural forces, using complex rituals to manipulate reality and influence fate.

• "Maqlu" (Babylonian Exorcism Ritual)

"Maqlu" is one of the most significant Babylonian magical texts, describing exorcism rituals intended to drive away evil spirits. The text provides details about spells and incantations used to neutralize malevolent influences and protect people from demons affecting their minds and bodies.

Relevance: "Maqlu" confirms the Babylonians' belief in demonic possession and shows how sorcerers practiced rituals to control or expel these entities. This represents a direct parallel to the influence of spirits on Nebuchadnezzar, as described in the Book of Daniel.

• "Enuma Anu Enlil"

"Enuma Anu Enlil" is a Babylonian astrological and divinatory text containing predictions based on astrological observations and occult practices. Royal court magicians used this text to guide rulers, including kings, regarding future events and actions they should take.

Relevance: "Enuma Anu Enlil" demonstrates how magicians and astrologers were deeply involved in occult and divinatory practices, illustrating that Nebuchadnezzar was influenced by them. This text underscores the role of occultism in royal decision-making, which could explain how Nebuchadnezzar was guided towards wrong choices, believing he could expand his power through spirits.

• "Shurpu" (Fire Purification Ritual)

"Shurpu" describes purification rituals meant to free a person from curses or malevolent influences, using fire as the main method of purification. Babylonian magicians believed that they could neutralize demonic forces influencing a person this way.

Relevance: This ritual demonstrates that Babylonians had a well-established system to defend against demonic influence, confirming the belief in evil spirits and the sorcerers' ability to control them. Nebuchadnezzar, according to this interpretation, could have been subjected to malevolent influences, and his mental degradation reflects such possession.

• "Enuma Elish" (Babylonian Creation Epic)

"Enuma Elish" is a cosmogonic myth illustrating how gods used spells and incantations to shape reality and create universal order. The king, as a representative of the gods, had access to these forces and rituals to influence the surrounding world.

Relevance: In Babylonian culture, the king and magicians had the right to use occult rituals to influence cosmic events. Nebuchadnezzar might have believed he could maintain his power through such practices, and his attempt to control destiny through occultism brought him to the brink of mental and physical degradation.

• Tablets from the Library of Ashurbanipal

This vast collection of tablets contains magical and medical texts that describe rituals and incantations to cure diseases, bring prosperity, and protect against evil spirits. These tablets show that magic was a common practice in royal courts in Babylon and Assyria.

Relevance: The tablets confirm that witchcraft and invoking spirits were central parts of Babylonian culture and religion. Nebuchadnezzar, being surrounded by magicians at his court, would have been deeply influenced by these occult practices, affecting his mind and behavior.

• Texts of Berossus

Berossus, a Babylonian priest from the Hellenistic period, wrote about Babylonian history and mythology, drawing on earlier religious and magical traditions. He described the use of astrology and magic in influencing the fate of kings.

Relevance: Berossus wrote after Nebuchadnezzar's time, and his texts reflect the magical and occult traditions present in ancient Babylon. This shows the continuity of these practices and suggests that Nebuchadnezzar was influenced by them in his quest for power and immortality.

• Babylonian Medical and Magical Tablets

These tablets illustrate how Babylonian sorcerers used a combination of magic and medicine to treat physical and mental ailments. They used incantations to invoke good spirits or expel evil spirits that influenced a person's mental state.

Relevance: The texts confirm that Babylonians considered mental ailments to be caused by evil spirits, and treatment involved magical rituals. This supports the interpretation that Nebuchadnezzar's "madness" was the result of demonic influence, and his liberation came through divine intervention, after the evil spirits were expelled.

Conclusion: These documents provide clear evidence about the practices of occultism and witchcraft in ancient Babylon and support the interpretation that Nebuchadnezzar was influenced by these forces. Magicians and sorcerers had a central role at the royal court, using magical rituals to manipulate reality and seek immortality. The story of Nebuchadnezzar in Daniel 4 aligns perfectly with this spiritual reality of the time, and the occult influences on the emperor explain his mental degradation and spiritual transformation.

The Theology of Mythological Transformations

The idea that Nebuchadnezzar sought not only to maintain his royal power but also to achieve immortality or a form of superhuman transformation has deep roots in the religious and mythological beliefs of Babylon. This interpretation adds an interesting and deeper dimension to the understanding of Nebuchadnezzar's "madness," suggesting that he was influenced by an occult theology that promised absolute power and even immortality.

In Babylonian mythology, there are numerous examples of hybrid creatures and supernatural transformations that can provide insight into how Nebuchadnezzar was captivated by the idea of transformation and surpassing human limits.

• Hybrid Creatures: Lamassu

In Babylonian mythology, lamassu and shedu are hybrid creatures, half human and half animal, symbolizing royal power and divine protection. These beings were considered a kind of cosmic guardians, having both spiritual and physical superiority. Although not "mutants" in the modern sense, these creatures were examples of perfection, seen as models of power and authority that Nebuchadnezzar might have wished to attain.

Relevance: Influenced by this tradition, Nebuchadnezzar believed that through occult rituals, he could achieve a form of superiority comparable to these divine creatures, surpassing his human limits and reaching a level of spiritual and physical perfection. His desire to become "more than human" would have been inspired by the myths surrounding these protective beings.

• Mythological Transformations

In Mesopotamian myths, there are numerous examples of human transformations through supernatural intervention, either as a form of punishment or as a blessing. A relevant example is Enkidu from the Epic of Gilgamesh. Enkidu starts as a wild man, living among animals, but is "civilized" through the intervention of a woman and brought among humans.

Relevance: Although Enkidu's transformation is the reverse of what Nebuchadnezzar experienced, the theme remains the same – changing human nature through the intervention of spiritual forces. In Nebuchadnezzar's case, his transformation was not a blessing but a degradation caused by occult influences, yet there was a radical change in his human nature.

• Immortality and Superhuman Transformations

The myth of Gilgamesh, in search of immortality, provides another framework for understanding Nebuchadnezzar's desires. Gilgamesh, like the emperor, sought eternal life, encountering characters like Utnapishtim, who obtained immortality by the will of the gods. Although not a mutant in the modern sense, Utnapishtim becomes more than human through the gods' blessing.

Relevance: Influenced by these mythological traditions and the occult practices at his court, Nebuchadnezzar believed that through magical rituals, he might achieve a form of superhuman transformation or even immortality. This could explain why he wanted to surpass human limits and maintain his power for eternity.

• Sorcerers and the Influence of Occult Incantations

The royal court of Babylon was filled with sorcerers, enchanters, and magi, people who claimed they could control divine and spiritual forces through magical rituals. They claimed they could manipulate reality to provide power, prosperity, and even immortality.

Relevance: Exposed to these occult influences, Nebuchadnezzar could strongly believe that there were magical practices capable of transforming him into a superior being, akin to hybrid creatures or mythological characters who achieved immortality. His entire mental and behavioral degradation reflects a fall into the trap of these dangerous practices, which instead of offering the desired power, removed him from reality.

• The Pursuit of a False Reality

A crucial moment that reflects this pursuit of transformation occurs when Nebuchadnezzar walks on the roof of his palace and proclaims that Babylon is his creation, built by his power for his glory. This was not just a self-satisfying speech but a manifestation of his desire to transcend human limits and keep his kingdom forever.

Relevance: His speech demonstrates that Nebuchadnezzar was influenced by an occult theology, which promised transformation and immortality through magical means. His desire to exceed the order established by God and to seek eternal dominion shows how he was drawn into a false reality, created by demonic influences and the occult beliefs surrounding his court.

A Spiritual Trap

Nebuchadnezzar's desire to achieve immortality and become more than human is closely linked to the myths and occult practices of Babylon. Beliefs in hybrid creatures, divine transformations, and immortality obtained through magic influenced Nebuchadnezzar's thinking, drawing him into a dangerous theology.

Nebuchadnezzar did not simply lose his mind. He was caught in a spiritual trap, seeking to attain a form of superhuman transformation through occultism. His transformation was not just mental, but also spiritual, reflecting a deep desire to surpass the human condition and secure eternal power. His madness was the result of an obsessive quest to access an alternative reality through malevolent spiritual forces that transformed him.

The occult theology of Babylon, with all its promises of superhuman power and immortality, proved to be a deadly trap. Only after Nebuchadnezzar recognized the sovereignty of God and stepped out of this false reality was he liberated and restored.

Stubbornness in the Face of Change and Ephemeralness

Nebuchadnezzar, one of the greatest emperors of the ancient world, received a significant divine revelation a year before the dramatic events described in the Book of Daniel. Through a dream, he was offered the chance to change the course of his life and, by extension, positively influence the fate of many people. However, like many other nations and leaders in biblical history, Nebuchadnezzar ignored these divine warnings and continued on the same path, guided by his own ambitions and fears.

The Ignored Revelation

God gave Nebuchadnezzar a year to reflect after having his dream interpreted by Daniel. This was a time when he could reconsider his actions and change the course of his life. Just as the people of Israel and Judah had been warned countless times to turn from their erroneous ways, Nebuchadnezzar also received a chance to learn and correct himself. Biblical history shows us that God continually sent prophets and revelations to show leaders and peoples the right path, yet they repeatedly chose to follow their own desires and ignore divine counsel.

Yet, just like the people of Israel, who chose to follow other nations and lost their identity in the face of other cultures and beliefs, Nebuchadnezzar ignored the warnings. Although he was shown his great achievements and the fact that he was the golden head of a statue symbolizing the most powerful empires in history, Nebuchadnezzar was overwhelmed by the fear of losing his power and position. Instead of embracing the revelation and spiritually preparing for the inevitable end of his life, he chose to obsessively concern himself with how he might maintain what he had built.

Nebuchadnezzar's Obsession

Throughout his reign, Nebuchadnezzar was a man of action, driven by an iron will to enforce his decisions. However, as the years passed, he was haunted by a thought that terrified him: the ephemeral nature of his power. Nebuchadnezzar, who had been granted by God the status of the greatest emperor of his time, realized that, like all other men, he too would reach the end of his earthly life. For a man accustomed to absolute control over a vast empire, the thought of the inevitability of death and the loss of everything he had built was unbearable.

This was the moment when Nebuchadnezzar needed to understand that his glory and power were not eternal and that he, too, was a man subject to the same law of mortality. Instead of accepting this reality, he vehemently resisted the thought that he would have to say goodbye to everything he had achieved. This internal struggle between his desire to perpetuate his reign and the inevitable reality of ephemerality became the obsession that led him to a tragic end.

A Lesson on Stubbornness and Pride

Nebuchadnezzar's problem was not just his fear of death, but his stubborn belief that he could control everything, including his fate. Throughout his reign, he demonstrated immense willpower and an extraordinary ability to fulfill any decision, whether good or bad. This determination had transformed him into a great leader, but now, towards the end of his life, this same unyielding will had become his main problem.

Nebuchadnezzar was unable to accept the natural limitations of human existence. His obsession with maintaining power and his desire to prolong his reign as much as possible pushed him to ignore the divine lessons that had been offered to him. The revelation he received was not just about his greatness as an emperor, but also about the fact that, ultimately, all things are transient. He needed to adjust his perspective, understand that his power and glory were temporary, and prepare for the inevitable end.

Time for Reflection and Divine Revelations

Nebuchadnezzar had ample time to change the course of his life after he was given the divine revelation through a dream. However, instead of accepting the reality of ephemerality and rethinking his actions, he continued on the same path, guided by the fear of loss and an obsession with power. Like many leaders and peoples before him, Nebuchadnezzar ignored divine warnings and chose to follow his own desires. In the end, what led to his downfall was not the lack of a chance to change, but his refusal to conform to the reality of mortality and human limitations.

This story offers a profound lesson about human stubbornness and pride in the face of the divine plan. God gave Nebuchadnezzar a clear opportunity to change his life and positively influence the lives of those around him, yet the king chose to ignore this chance, leading him towards a tragic end.

Daniel's Solution

At that crucial moment in Nebuchadnezzar's life, Daniel offered him clear and direct advice, pointing out the solution to his fundamental problem: the fear of ephemerality and the refusal to accept that everything, including his reign and power, has an end. With disarming simplicity, Daniel told the emperor, "Break off your sins by practicing righteousness and your iniquities by showing mercy to the oppressed, so perhaps your prosperity will be prolonged!" This advice had the potential to change Nebuchadnezzar's fate and offer him the peace and tranquility he so desperately sought.

Daniel, as a prophet and servant of the God of heaven, offers Nebuchadnezzar a simple yet powerful solution: repentance and righteousness. This advice is not complicated, but a call to renounce sin and choose a lifestyle based on justice and compassion towards those who are suffering. Nebuchadnezzar's problem was his fear of the end and his desire to prolong his reign and happiness. And Daniel provides a divine solution, through which the emperor could extend this "happiness," not through his worldly power, but by changing his heart and actions.

Daniel knew that true change could only come through a renunciation of pride and iniquities. He tells Nebuchadnezzar that fulfillment and the prolongation of happiness cannot be obtained through force or control, but through righteousness and mercy towards the oppressed. This advice comes not from Daniel's personal judgment, but from the revelation he directly received from God. Thus, Daniel speaks with the authority of one who "has access to the revelations of God" and knows the truth about the emperor's future.

Prolonged Happiness Through Righteousness

Nebuchadnezzar's problem was his fear of finality. After years of glorious reign, he could not accept that everything has an end, including himself, the great emperor. However, Daniel revealed to him that there is a way to prolong his happiness, to find inner peace and joy that do not depend on power or wealth: living in righteousness.

Nebuchadnezzar could extend his happiness not by prolonging his reign or by building monuments to eternalize his glory, but through a change of heart and action. If he had heeded this advice, his life would have gained new meaning, based on his relationship with God and how he treated his fellow human beings, especially the impoverished and marginalized.

No Other Solution

Daniel offered Nebuchadnezzar not just a solution but the only solution. Behind this simple advice lies a clear warning: if you do not follow this path, there is no other solution to your problem. Daniel speaks from the perspective of one who knew the truth, given his access to "the mysteries of the king" and divine revelations. He does not offer a flexible option but firm and absolute advice:

repentance and living in righteousness are the only way for Nebuchadnezzar to extend his happiness and avoid imminent downfall.

Daniel leaves no room for multiple interpretations or compromises. His advice is clear and complete: "End your sins by doing what is right, and your wickedness by being kind to the oppressed." If Nebuchadnezzar had followed this advice, he could have prolonged not just his life on the throne but also his inner peace and divine blessings.

The Authority and Credibility of Daniel

Another important aspect is that Daniel's advice came from a man who had already demonstrated access to divine knowledge. Nebuchadnezzar had no reason to doubt the veracity of Daniel's words, as he had previously provided both the dreams and their correct interpretations. All of Daniel's predictions had come true, and the king knew that the advice he was now receiving was not just a human opinion but a direct revelation from the God of the heavens.

Daniel had based his entire life and ministry on the revelations he received from God. He did not speak from his own wisdom, but as a messenger of the Almighty. Therefore, his advice could not be ignored without consequences. Nebuchadnezzar knew that everything Daniel said was based on divine revelation, not mere human judgment.

An Opportunity for Change and a Warning

Daniel's advice was undoubtedly a clear call for repentance and righteousness. He offered Nebuchadnezzar a real opportunity to extend his happiness and find peace amid his fear of ephemerality. However, this opportunity came with an implicit warning: there is no other solution. The only way for Nebuchadnezzar to overcome his fears and extend his happiness was to change his life, to renounce sin and turn his attention to righteousness and compassion.

This lesson remains valid today, showing that true and prolonged happiness does not come from power, wealth, or control, but from living according to divine principles of justice, mercy, and righteousness.

The Importance of Interpreting Divine Revelation

For 12 months, Nebuchadnezzar had the opportunity to reflect on the advice given by Daniel, sound and clear counsel meant to guide him toward repentance and change. This one-year period highlights an important aspect: the events described in the biblical text are not symbolic or allegorical, but represent real facts, narrated in literal language. This account calls us to let the biblical text speak for itself, without introducing our own interpretations or preconceived ideas. The story provides all the details we need, and where it leaves room for interpretation, it suggests that we be careful, as there lies the key to understanding the complete message.

Real Events in Clear Language

The fact that 12 months passed from Daniel's advice to the onset of the prophesied events shows that the story is a faithful account of real facts. In biblical language, this chronological detail underscores the seriousness and authenticity of the narrative. This specific time period confirms that the events should be understood literally, as presented in the text. While there are biblical passages that use figurative or symbolic language, the story of Nebuchadnezzar in the Book of Daniel is not one of them.

Daniel, the prophet of God, gave the emperor practical advice that could be applied in real terms, and Nebuchadnezzar had a whole year to reflect and make the necessary changes in his life. The inclusion of this 12-month mention emphasizes the clarity and consistency with which we must understand the events: without introducing additional elements that are not present in the revealed text.

Preserving the Purity of the Message

A fundamental principle in interpreting biblical texts is to allow the text itself to speak. The text revealed by God contains all the details we need to understand the divine message. In the case of Nebuchadnezzar, the text shows us both the advice offered by Daniel and the specific time interval between the advice and the fulfillment of the prophesied events. This sequence should not be reinterpreted or altered through our own thoughts. The biblical message is clear and should not be laden with external ideas that could distort its meaning.

Trying to introduce our own premises into the story would mean deviating from the purpose of the text: to teach us through divine revelation. The biblical text omits certain details and intentionally mentions others. Where we are not given all the information, it is an invitation to focus on the elements we have and not to invent unconfirmed hypotheses.

The Hidden Key in Details

In the story of Nebuchadnezzar, certain details are presented directly, such as the passing of the 12 months, but others remain unexplained. This deliberate omission leaves room for interpretation where necessary. The missing or cryptic details are the ones that, in fact, hide the key to understanding the complete message. Therefore, each element present in the text must be carefully analyzed to uncover the profound message that God is conveying to us.

The key to understanding the biblical text does not lie in filling in the missing details with our ideas, but in seeking and discovering the truth hidden in passages deliberately left open to interpretation. Divine revelation delivers the message in a way that does not require external additions, but rather careful attention to what is already said. For example, the fact that the biblical text does not explain why Nebuchadnezzar did not heed Daniel's advice over the 12 months but clearly mentions this interval suggests that we reflect on how time influences our decisions and on God's patience in the face of human pride.

From Man to "Animal" and Back

A significant aspect of this account is the detailed description of Nebuchadnezzar's transformation from man to "animal" and subsequently back to man. This episode cannot be explained through natural or psychological causes. The transformation described, in which Nebuchadnezzar completely loses his mind and lives in the wilderness behaving like an animal, indicates a state of possession or supernatural control.

The narrative provides details suggesting that Nebuchadnezzar no longer possessed any basic human qualities, such as the ability to distinguish between good and evil. This complete degradation of his human condition is a clear sign that the emperor was under the influence of occult or demonic forces, which transformed him into a mindless "creature" completely disconnected from his human nature.

The reverse transformation, when Nebuchadnezzar is restored as a man and emperor, is clearly attributed to God, who frees him from these demonic influences.

This duality between animalistic degradation and human restoration indicates the presence of supernatural forces that worked against Nebuchadnezzar and tried to completely destroy him. Ultimately, God sets a limit to this degradation, as He did in the case of Job, and frees him, restoring not only his mental health but also the glory and power of his kingdom.

A Biblical Theme from the First Pages of Scripture

The theme of the battle between divine and demonic powers, as well as the influence of occultism, is present from the first pages of the Bible. From the beginning of Scripture, we see how the forces of evil seek to influence and control the destiny of humanity. Nebuchadnezzar's story fits perfectly into this biblical theme, where the spiritual battle for a man's soul—in this case, a great emperor—becomes central.

This spiritual battle between divine and demonic forces is clear in the account of Nebuchadnezzar. The emperor is attacked and transformed by demonic forces, but God sets a limit to this degradation and frees him, restoring him to his human condition and his royal status. This final liberation proves God's sovereignty and the inability of demonic forces to alter the divine plan in the long term.

Chains of Iron and Bronze

One of the seemingly insignificant details in the story of Nebuchadnezzar's transformation is the mention of his binding with chains of iron and bronze. At first glance, this detail may seem unimportant, but upon a deeper analysis of the biblical text from the book of Daniel, we discover that these materials are symbols loaded with meaning and indicate the connection between the emperor and the Babylonian gods he worshiped. Iron and bronze are mentioned in two other crucial places in the book of Daniel, and this repetition reveals a significant pattern related to occultism and idolatry.

In Daniel 5:4 and Daniel 5:23, iron and bronze are mentioned in the context of King Belshazzar's idolatry, who brought the holy vessels from God's temple to a profane feast, where he and his courtiers drank wine and praised the gods of gold, silver, bronze, iron, wood, and stone. These gods, symbolized by various metals and materials, are described as lifeless, unable to see, hear, or understand. This is a clear contrast to the God of the heavens, who sees, hears, and rules over everything.

The connection between iron and bronze and the pagan Babylonian gods becomes clear: these metals were associated with the idolatry and occultism practiced by the Babylonian emperors, who placed their trust in gods made from these materials. In the context of Nebuchadnezzar, the chains of iron and bronze become more than just physical objects of bondage; they are powerful symbols of the spiritual bondage the emperor fell into due to his reliance on occultism and idolatry.

Spiritual Bondage Under the Power of False Gods

Nebuchadnezzar was bound, both literally and figuratively, to the Babylonian gods of iron and bronze for seven years. During this period of complete degradation, the emperor lived like an animal, losing his mind and being totally disconnected from human reality. The symbolism of these metals is clear: just as iron and bronze are cold and lifeless materials, so too were their gods incapable of offering life or restoration. In this state, Nebuchadnezzar was caught in the bondage of these dark forces, symbolized by the chains that tied him to an existence devoid of meaning and humanity.

His connection to these gods is underscored by the fact that during this time, there is no mention of Nebuchadnezzar recognizing or worshipping the living God. He lived under the direct influence of Babylonian occultism and idolatry, unable to lift his eyes to heaven and find true liberation.

Nebuchadnezzar and the Influences of Occultism

In the account of Nebuchadnezzar in the Book of Daniel, we can observe clear evidence of his interaction with occultism and its representatives. Although much of the narrative emphasizes divine intervention and the revelations received by the emperor, the presence of occultism is an element that should not be overlooked. Both biblical texts and historical records about ancient Babylon highlight that occultism played a central role in the life of the royal court and the strategies used by leaders to understand the world and guide their decisions.

Occultism in Babylon

Ancient Babylon was well-known for its occult practices, and both biblical and historical texts confirm this. Magic, astrology, witchcraft, and star-reading were all integral parts of the religious and political life in Babylon. Babylonian priests and temple servants practiced these forms of occultism and offered services of dream interpretation, divination, and magical rituals. Nebuchadnezzar, as the emperor of Babylon, was inevitably exposed to these practices and, as the texts show, turned to the services of these sorcerers and soothsayers on two major occasions described in the Book of Daniel.

For example, in Daniel 2, when Nebuchadnezzar dreamed of the statue with the golden head, he first sought interpretation from the court's sorcerers, astrologers, and Chaldeans. Similarly, in Daniel 4, during the episode of the terrifying dream, Nebuchadnezzar again turned to these practitioners of occultism, but once again, they failed to provide a convincing interpretation. These events provide clear evidence that Nebuchadnezzar had regular contact with sorcerers, and they played an active role in his life as a leader.

The Battle Between Good and Evil in the Bible

The traditional interpretation of some biblical texts may overlook a central aspect presented throughout the Bible, both in the Old and New Testaments: the battle between the forces of good, represented by God, and the forces of evil, represented by the devil. This spiritual conflict is one of the essential narrative threads of Scripture, and examples like Job, Nebuchadnezzar, and the Jewish people in Babylonian captivity demonstrate this truth. While God blesses and heals, the devil brings suffering and torment whenever he has the opportunity, thriving on destruction and pain.

God Does Not Create Suffering

A clear aspect from the Bible is that God is not the source of suffering, but the devil is. As seen in the case of Job, his suffering was not caused directly by God, but by the devil, after God allowed him to "test" Job. Scripture clarifies that the devil is the one who brings troubles when God temporarily withdraws His protection. However, this temporary withdrawal of divine protection is not meant to destroy, but to fulfill a higher purpose—either to test faith or to correct a person's path.

In the case of Job, we see this process clearly: God permits the devil to test him, but Job's suffering is caused by the devil, not by God. Everything the devil does—material losses, illness, death—are actions intended to make Job renounce his faith. However, it is God who ultimately restores everything, demonstrating His power to overcome evil.

Similarly, in the New Testament, Jesus not only preaches against evil but also heals and liberates those possessed by the devil. These actions are clear demonstrations of the contrast between the divine work of bringing healing and the devil's work, which brings destruction and suffering. Every time Jesus casts out demons and liberates the possessed, he reverses the effects of evil and brings restoration through divine power. This reinforces the idea that the devil causes suffering, while God brings deliverance.

Withdrawal of Divine Protection

The story of Nebuchadnezzar fits the same pattern of spiritual conflict between good and evil. Although the text does not directly specify WHO caused his suffering, it is evident that it was not God, but evil spirits. If God had intended to make Nebuchadnezzar suffer, the text would have clearly stated that God is the one who "drove him out" and made him eat grass, but this is not the case. Like in the case of Job, God allowed Nebuchadnezzar to be affected by malevolent influences for a time, so that he could recognize his mistakes and learn a profound lesson about God's sovereignty.

Equally important is the context of the divine decision. The biblical text describes this situation with the words: "The decision was taken by the watchers and the sentence by the word of the holy ones, that the living may know that the Most High rules over the kingdom of men." This formulation reminds us of the divine assembly in the book of Job, where God allowed Job to be tested but set clear limits on what the devil could do.

Here, in the case of Nebuchadnezzar, the decision was also made in divine counsel, but the difference is that, unlike Job who was a righteous man tested to prove his faithfulness, Nebuchadnezzar was a sinful emperor who had to endure the consequences of his actions. God did not destroy him but allowed him to be in the hands of evil forces for a time, just as the Jewish people were left in Babylonian captivity for seventy years as a consequence of disobedience and breaking the covenant. However, in both cases, the withdrawal of divine protection was only temporary.

A Limited Time for Suffering

The duration of Nebuchadnezzar's suffering is significant: prophetically, the "seven times" represent seven years. This period was not determined by the evil spirits that afflicted him, but by God, who decided how long Nebuchadnezzar would remain under this influence. Just as with the Jewish people, who were sent into Babylonian captivity for seventy years, Nebuchadnezzar had a set time in which he had to endure the consequences of his sin and his reliance on idolatry and occultism.

At the end of these God-appointed periods, both Nebuchadnezzar and the Jewish people experienced liberation. When "Nebuchadnezzar raised his eyes to heaven," he was freed from the spiritual bondage he was caught in and regained his sanity. This act of looking up symbolizes a moment of recognizing divine sovereignty and repentance. The same occurred with the Jewish people when Daniel raised his eyes to heaven and prayed in repentance for his nation. Both acts led to their liberation from bondage, both spiritual and physical.

A Different View from Traditional Interpretation

The traditional interpretation of the biblical text tends to overlook these profound details related to the conflict between good and evil and focuses on a simplified framework, where God is seen as the one who brings suffering. However, this approach does not consider that suffering is not caused by God, but by the temporary withdrawal of His protection, which allows evil forces to act for a time. This withdrawal always has a precise purpose—either to test fidelity, as in the case of Job, or to correct and discipline, as in the case of Nebuchadnezzar and Israel in captivity.

In conclusion, my interpretation is based on a broader view of the spiritual struggle described in the Bible. When someone suffers, the devil is the one who brings suffering, and God allows this for a limited period, with a clear purpose. Liberation comes only when a person raises their eyes to heaven, acknowledging God's sovereignty. This is a lesson found in both the Old and New Testaments, confirmed by examples such as Job, Nebuchadnezzar, and the people of Israel.

Expulsion from Among Men

The phrases "They shall drive thee from men" and "Thy dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field, and they shall make thee to eat grass as oxen" reflect the total state of degradation Nebuchadnezzar reaches under the influence of evil spirits. These words are not just a metaphor but describe a process of spiritual and mental enslavement, a state in which the emperor is completely controlled by malevolent supernatural forces, separating him from his humanity and transforming him into an uncontrolled creature, akin to an animal.

The text clearly underscores that "his heart was made like the beasts," indicating that Nebuchadnezzar completely loses his reasoning and discernment. This loss of his humanity is a direct result of being influenced by occult spirits, the same spirits that were present at his court through sorcerers and astrologers. This is the moment when the emperor reaps the fruits of his pride and idolatry, being wholly prey to the malevolent forces he invoked and in which he placed his trust.

The Failure of Those Without the Spirit of God

The fact that the magicians and astrologers "could not interpret the dream" is clear proof that they operated with a different spirit than Daniel, one that was incapable of revealing the truth and divine intentions. In the Bible, two antagonistic spirits are presented that have the capacity to perform the supernatural: the Spirit of God and the evil (demonic) spirits that act in opposition to the divine will.

The Babylonian magicians, who usually provided supernatural interpretations and advice to the emperor, completely failed in the face of this dream because they did not have access to divine revelation. Indeed, their failure is evidence of the limits of occult spirits, which can only imitate and deceive, but do not have access to the full truth. Only Daniel, who had within him the Spirit of the living God, was able to understand and provide the correct interpretation, revealing God's will.

This demonstrates the fundamental difference between the work of God, which brings light and truth, and occult work, which remains dark and powerless to bring clarity. Through this episode, it becomes evident that only the Spirit of God can provide a deep understanding of supernatural matters, while other spirits remain powerless to reveal the truth.

Attempting to Achieve Eternal Dominion

Another important aspect of this narrative is Nebuchadnezzar's attempt to obtain "eternal dominion" over his kingdom. This desire to control the destiny of the kingdom and become an eternal ruler is an expression of his exaggerated pride, which leads him away from the truth of divine sovereignty. Nebuchadnezzar sought to find "another god" or a supernatural force that could guarantee him this eternal control, deliberately ignoring God's revelations and trying to oppose the divine will.

Nebuchadnezzar's desire for eternal dominion is essentially a rebellion against the divine plan. As the biblical text emphasizes, "until you acknowledge that the Most High rules over the kingdoms of men and gives them to anyone he wishes," the true dominion over the world does not belong to man or any pagan god, but to God. The emperor, in his pride, tried to challenge this truth, seeking to secure his rule through other means, including idol worship and occultism.

However, as we see in numerous other biblical episodes, attempts by humans to secure sovereignty through occult or idolatrous means always fail. This is another profound lesson from the text: no other god can grant eternal dominion over the kingdoms of the world. Only God, the Most High, has the power to decide who will rule and for how long. Any attempt to oppose this sovereignty is doomed to failure.

The Spiritual Battle and Divine Sovereignty

This account strongly emphasizes the spiritual battle between the forces of good and evil. While evil spirits attempt to enslave and destroy Nebuchadnezzar, trying to control him and distance him from God, divine sovereignty establishes limits and ultimately restores order.

Through this experience, Nebuchadnezzar learns that no occult or idolatrous force can offer eternal dominion and that only God is sovereign over the kingdoms of the world. Nebuchadnezzar's liberation comes not from sorcerers or idols but only when he raises his eyes to heaven and acknowledges God's sovereignty.

The Influence of Occultism on Rulers

A recurring aspect in the biblical narrative about rulers is the influence that occultism has on them. Throughout the Old Testament, we encounter multiple examples of kings who fell under the influence of sorcerers and occult forces, including Saul, the king of Israel, and the Pharaoh of Egypt. These figures were surrounded by practitioners of magic and occultism, but each of these rulers directly confronted God's sovereignty, which exposed the inferior and deceptive power of these forces.

Sorcerers at the Courts of Kings

The presence of sorcerers at royal courts, both in Israel and in other kingdoms, clearly indicates that they were representatives of occult forces. In the Old Testament, witchcraft is explicitly forbidden in Israel, as it is a practice that draws the soul into bondage and under the influence of demonic forces. God clearly commanded that no one in Israel should engage in such practices: "Let no one be found among you who sacrifices their son or daughter in the fire, who practices divination or sorcery, interprets omens, engages in witchcraft" (Deuteronomy 18:10). This command shows that witchcraft and occultism were widely practiced and dangerous for people's spiritual lives.

In the Book of Daniel, sorcerers are repeatedly mentioned as being at Nebuchadnezzar's court. This continual presence of sorcerers indicates the influence of occultism in the life of the emperor and his decisions. Nebuchadnezzar was not just a political leader but a man immersed in the polytheistic religious practices of Babylon, and these sorcerers represented exactly the occult forces that sought to manipulate and control the spiritual reality around him.

Biblical Examples: Saul and Pharaoh

Another relevant example from the Old Testament is that of King Saul, the first king of Israel. Towards the end of his reign, after having turned away from God, Saul ended up consulting a witch in hopes of receiving supernatural answers, thus defying God's commands. Instead of trusting in God, Saul sought answers in occultism, which ultimately led to his ruin. This episode shows that when leaders turn away from God and place their trust in sorcerers and occultism, they become prey to forces that enslave and destroy them.

Additionally, the Pharaoh of Egypt, who was confronted by Moses and Aaron, is another example of a ruler surrounded by sorcerers and practitioners of magic. During the confrontation between Pharaoh and God, the Egyptian sorcerers initially managed to replicate some of the miracles performed by God through Moses (Exodus 7:11), but as the plagues continued, the sorcerers were powerless against the divine power. This situation clearly demonstrates that although occult forces may have some power, they are limited and inferior to the power of God.

Sorcerers and the "Spirits of the Gods"

In the Book of Daniel, we see how sorcerers are consistently present at Nebuchadnezzar's court, invoked each time the emperor faces a supernatural issue, whether it's a troubling dream or a complex situation. The fact that the emperor repeatedly turns to his sorcerers proves that he was directly influenced by occultism and polytheism. For Nebuchadnezzar, all gods seemed valid, and the sorcerers were an interface with these "gods."

Nebuchadnezzar himself acknowledges this reality when he describes Daniel: "At last, Daniel came before me—his name is Belteshazzar, after the name of my god, and the spirit of the holy gods is in him." This comment reveals a clear distinction Nebuchadnezzar makes between the "spirits of the gods" he recognized and the "spirit of the holy gods" he saw in Daniel. This shows that Nebuchadnezzar understood the existence of different spirits, and although his polytheism led him to believe that all spirits were good, he began to recognize the superiority of God's Spirit in Daniel's life.

This recognition is significant because it highlights the difference between Daniel's power, which came from the God of heaven, and the power of the sorcerers, which was linked to occultism. The fact that the sorcerers failed to provide Nebuchadnezzar with correct answers repeatedly, while Daniel accurately interpreted the emperor's dreams, clearly demonstrates the superiority of the "Spirit of the Holy Gods" over all other spirits that Nebuchadnezzar invoked through his sorcerers.

God's Sovereignty in Prophetic Decisions

Another essential aspect of the narrative in the Book of Daniel is that major decisions, including those related to captivity and the fate of emperors, are not determined by kings or sorcerers, but by God. Nebuchadnezzar, although influenced by occultism and his sorcerers, had no control over the seven-year period in which he was to be overcome by demonic forces. Just as God decided the seventy years of captivity for the people of Israel, He also decided the duration of the seven years of captivity for Nebuchadnezzar.

This period was not set by the occult spirits that enslaved the emperor, but by the God of heaven, who, in His sovereignty, allowed this humiliation to occur but also determined the moment of liberation. No occult spirit, not even the greatest powers of the "gods of the nations," could control this time. This clearly shows that, despite the powers of demonic forces that may act in the world, God's sovereignty is absolute, and His decisions are final and unassailable.

Recognition of Divine Sovereignty

After seven years of degradation, during which Nebuchadnezzar lives under the influence of these malevolent forces, comes the moment of liberation. The moment he "lifts his eyes to heaven" and recognizes the sovereignty of God is key to understanding the entire narrative. Liberation does not come from any "pagan god" or through the court sorcerers, but directly from God, who set the limit of the seven years of spiritual bondage.

The act of lifting his eyes to heaven is one of repentance and recognition of divine sovereignty. Nebuchadnezzar finally understands that no one other than God can control the destiny of kingdoms. All his attempts to secure eternal dominion through idols and occultism prove futile. God is the one who decides who rules, and this is the essential lesson the emperor learns through his suffering.

The Complete Revelation and the Finality of the Divine Plan

After seven years of degradation and humiliation, Nebuchadnezzar was "released" and restored to his throne. This was proof that, despite supernatural attacks and spiritual warfare, the divine plan remained in place. As had been revealed in the vision of chapter 2, Nebuchadnezzar was the head of gold, and this destiny could not be changed, even though adversarial spirits attempted to intervene. God set a limit to this attack, just as He did in the case of Job, and protected Nebuchadnezzar's human essence, keeping his "root" intact.

Liberation from the Influence of Occultism

A particularly significant moment in the biblical account is when Nebuchadnezzar, after undergoing his supernatural transformation and being "released" from his animalistic state, makes a clear statement about his restoration: "At that time my sanity was restored; my honor and splendor were returned to me for the glory of my kingdom. My advisers and nobles sought me out, and I was restored to my throne and became even greater than before."

A significant detail here is that Nebuchadnezzar no longer mentions the sorcerers, astrologers, Chaldeans, and diviners who were present in previous episodes. This indicates a clear break from the occult influences that had controlled him until then. The fact that the emperor makes no reference to these practitioners of occultism after being liberated by God suggests that during the period he lost his mind and lived as an animal, he was under the influence of dark powers.

This absence of sorcerers from his life after restoration clearly shows that Nebuchadnezzar was liberated not just physically, but also spiritually. Instead of the sorcerers, the advisers who returned to him after his liberation were his loyal counselors, who had not abandoned him even during the period when he behaved like an animal.

Liberation by Looking Up to Heaven

However, the biblical text shows us that at the end of the seven years of degradation and spiritual bondage, a major change occurs in Nebuchadnezzar's life: "At the end of that time, I, Nebuchadnezzar, raised my eyes toward heaven, and my sanity was restored." This is not merely a physical or mental return, but a profound spiritual liberation. Raising his eyes to heaven symbolizes the recognition of God's authority and sovereignty, in stark contrast to the iron and bronze idols that cannot offer salvation or restoration.

The fact that Nebuchadnezzar raises his eyes to heaven is an act of repentance and liberation from the bondage of idolatry. Until that moment, his attention had been focused on the iron and bronze idols, symbolizing his connection with false gods. However, when he turns his attention to the living God, he is liberated, and his mind is restored. He is no longer a slave to these occult powers but is recognized and restored by God as the emperor of an empire, now under a new spiritual understanding.

This transformation also indicates that his ties with occultism and idolatry were completely severed. Nebuchadnezzar is no longer a slave to the gods of iron and bronze but recognizes the absolute sovereignty of God. The fact that he regains his mind and, with it, the glory of his kingdom, shows us that true power and restoration come from God, not from the powerless idols of Babylon.

Nebuchadnezzar and the Quest for Immortality

Here I present an understanding of the text based on two main ideas: the quest for immortality and the unwavering will to achieve it, regardless of difficulties or obstacles. Nebuchadnezzar, like Gilgamesh, sought immortality, but unlike traditional myths where gods determine the fate of men, the focus must be on Nebuchadnezzar's decisions and actions. Thus, Nebuchadnezzar's story is not merely a descent into "madness" but an obsessive quest for an alternative reality, through an occult theology that completely transformed his mind.

Like Gilgamesh, who embarked on a long and difficult journey in search of immortality, Nebuchadnezzar sought a way to transcend the limits of humanity and maintain eternal dominion over his kingdom. In Babylon, the concept of immortality and eternal power was deeply tied to myths and theologies involving contact with occultism.

On the day of his transformation, Nebuchadnezzar was not just an emperor enjoying his successes and contemplating his achievements. His dream was to preserve the kingdom forever, to become more than an ordinary man. This drove him down a perilous path of exploring alternative realities. Therefore, his madness was not just a loss of reason but an internal transformation produced by a theology that led him to a false reality, a new state of mind, where he believed he could transcend his human condition.

Contact with an Alternative Reality

What is important to note about Nebuchadnezzar is that he was not a passive person, but very active and determined in everything he did. So it was at this time. He acted based on his belief that he could achieve immortality, that he could change the order established by God. This is the key point in the interpretation: Nebuchadnezzar chose to follow an occult theology that promised superhuman powers, immortality, and eternal dominion over the world (like the temptation of Jesus). This is also why he did not stop, although the warnings and the dream sent by God should have made him doubt his plan.

Nebuchadnezzar was surrounded by sorcerers, enchanters, and practitioners of occultism. These were not mere servants of the court, but representatives of theologies that promised exactly this: immortality and eternal power, but through occult means. It is clear that the emperor was drawn to these ideas and acted accordingly, entering a new mental reality, a state of internal transfiguration, where he himself began to believe that he could transcend human limits.

Theology of a "New Reality"

Nebuchadnezzar was not simply "struck" by madness. His transformation was a consequence of his immersion in an occult theology that completely deformed him mentally and spiritually. His human heart turned into a beast's heart, not because God changed his mind, but because, symbolically, he accepted a new vision of reality, one that led to the loss of his human identity.

Like Gilgamesh, who sought immortality and embarked on a dangerous journey, Nebuchadnezzar followed a similar spiritual path, but one that involved demonic theologies and occult forces. The fact that sorcerers and enchanters of all kinds were present at his court clearly indicates that the emperor came into direct contact with these malevolent influences, and they fueled his desire to achieve immortality through an occult path, destroying his mind and humanity in the process.

The Only Connection to Humanity: His Body

An important aspect is that although Nebuchadnezzar's mind was completely transformed, he remained connected to humanity through his body. As the text suggests, his "root" was not completely cut off, meaning that part of him, even if only physical, remained anchored in the human world. This degraded body, living in the wild and eating grass like animals, was still a fragile link to the human world, the only point that still kept him connected to true reality.

This image of a degraded but still physically alive Nebuchadnezzar is key to understanding that, ultimately, his healing came through divine intervention, when "he lifted his eyes to heaven" and acknowledged God's sovereignty. At that moment, his mind was restored, and he returned to the reality he had initially rejected.

Nebuchadnezzar was ultimately healed by God and acknowledged that the only eternal kingdom is that of God. In the end, he understood the truth: seeking immortality through occult means does not lead to success, but only to destruction. Only God can offer eternal life and true sovereignty, and recognizing this truth is the key to Nebuchadnezzar's final liberation from the spiritual trap in which he was caught.

The Occult Context During Nebuchadnezzar's Time

During Nebuchadnezzar's reign, witchcraft and magic were essential parts of Mesopotamian culture and life at the royal court. Babylon was known for its complex traditions of magic, where magicians and enchanters practiced rituals to invoke spirits and influence natural or human events. These occult practitioners were highly respected at court and played a crucial role in supporting the king's power.

Babylonian magical texts, such as Enuma Anu Enlil, contained clear instructions for invoking and controlling supernatural forces, for protection against demons, and for manipulating events. Nebuchadnezzar, as king, had direct access to these rituals, and his desire to achieve immortality and consolidate his dominion was intertwined with these occult practices.

Magical Rituals and Reality Control

Babylonian rituals involved using amulets, incantations, and potions to transform reality and obtain supernatural favors. Magicians and enchanters used these methods to influence both the mental and physical states of people. Surrounded by these advisers, Nebuchadnezzar was influenced by these occult practices, seeking to obtain absolute power and immortality.

Among these practices were incantations that established connections with the spiritual world, invoking spirits that had the ability to change a person's mental or physical state. Consequently, Nebuchadnezzar was directly exposed to an occult system that had a profound impact on his mind, leading to his mental degradation.

The Influence of Demons on the Mind

Mesopotamian beliefs held that demons and evil spirits could take control over a person's mind and body. Malevolent spirits such as Lilitu were feared, and sorcerers tried to keep them at bay through elaborate rituals. However, direct contact with these entities had devastating effects on mental and physical health.

Influenced by the sorcerers at his court, Nebuchadnezzar came into contact with such unclean spirits, which did not grant him the power he desired but profoundly affected his mind, leading to a complete transformation of his perception of reality. Demonic possession was the cause of his mental and physical degradation, as described in the Book of Daniel.

Mesopotamian exorcism texts describe techniques for liberating individuals possessed by evil spirits, and Nebuchadnezzar's situation follows this pattern. His madness was not merely a mental illness, but a direct consequence of demonic possession caused by contact with these occult forces.

Sorcerers and the Promise of Immortality

The sorcerers at Nebuchadnezzar's court convinced him that immortality and absolute power could be obtained through the spirits invoked in occult rituals. Nebuchadnezzar, wanting to maintain eternal dominion, followed this perilous path. Instead of achieving the desired control, he suffered severe mental and physical degradation.

Nebuchadnezzar's "madness" is explained by this interaction with demonic forces that trapped him, damaging his mind and psychological reality. His final healing was not just a return to health, but a spiritual liberation from malevolent influences, achieved through divine intervention.

A Fall Due to Occultism

Nebuchadnezzar, desiring immortality and absolute power, was drawn by the sorcerers at his court, who offered him false promises. Instead of realizing his ambitions, he was caught in the trap of malevolent spirits that affected his mind and body. His mental and physical degradation was the result of this demonic possession.

His final liberation came only when he lifted his eyes to heaven and recognized the sovereignty of God. This was not just a physical healing, but a profound spiritual restoration, marking God's victory over the occult forces that tried to destroy him.

The Inspired Author and the Purpose of Details

The Bible, being considered the revealed word of God, is not a text where details are placed randomly. Each element in the text serves a precise purpose, revealing either an aspect of divine nature or a lesson for the reader. The biblical authors, inspired by God, included these details in their texts to guide the understanding and reflection of the reader. Ignoring them means not just a loss of information but also a disregard for divine inspiration.

This approach to details also reflects a correct way of letting the text guide the interpretation, not of projecting preconceived ideas onto it. Interpretations that omit or modify details to fit a particular theology or premise become subjective and lose their objectivity. A correct interpreter is one who is guided by the text, not by external assumptions.

The Necessity of Integrating All Elements

A correctly interpreted text must integrate all elements from the text. This is a basic condition for healthy and complete exegesis. For example, in the interpretation of a dream from the Book of Daniel, all details—from specific symbols to the context in which the dream is given—must be considered. Omitting an element can lead to the loss of meaning or even a misinterpretation of the revealed message.

This principle equally applies to broader biblical narratives, where even the smallest contextual, cultural, or linguistic details can radically change the understanding. Each element must be analyzed and explained appropriately, and the interpretation must be coherent and harmonious with the entire biblical message.

A relevant example is the Book of Daniel, where seemingly insignificant details, such as the "chains of iron and bronze," play a crucial symbolic role. A superficial or negligent interpretation might overlook this detail, considering it irrelevant. However, when examined carefully, this detail provides a deep understanding of the spiritual state of Nebuchadnezzar, under the influence of the gods of iron and bronze.

The fact that Daniel successfully interprets the emperor's dreams, where the sorcerers fail, is not just a minor detail. It is proof of the superiority of God's Spirit over the idolatrous spirits that the sorcerers invoked. Ignoring this element would diminish the spiritual impact of the message, and this detail must be integrated to fully understand the contrast between divine power and occult power.

Correct Interpretation Based on the Text

The traditional interpretation of Nebuchadnezzar's experience, where he is "driven mad" and cast out to live like an animal, fails to adequately explain who exactly cast him out and changed his human heart into a beast's heart. The details in the text lead us in a clear direction: it was neither God nor humans who did this, but someone else.

Expressions in the text such as "they will drive you out" and "you will be made to eat grass" are not clearly attributed to divine or human beings, and any attempt to attribute these actions to God or His angels falls short. This suggests that the occult forces, the same forces that Nebuchadnezzar tolerated and with which he had contact through the sorcerers at his court, are responsible for his degradation.

The biblical text clearly shows that Nebuchadnezzar reached this point due to his contact with an occult theology that gradually distanced him from divine truth. His desire to keep the kingdom for himself, to make it eternal, and to find a "god" who could guarantee this eternal dominion, led him down a dangerous path, where occult forces manipulated him to fall into their trap.

This process culminated in the seven-year period during which Nebuchadnezzar lived under the influence of these spirits, living like a beast. The text gives us a clear clue as to the reason for this decline: the king was caught up in pride and idolatry, refusing to accept that God is the only ruler over the kingdoms of the world and that no occult power could guarantee what he desired.

Another essential detail in the text is the moment when Nebuchadnezzar walks on the roof of his palace and exclaims: "Is not this great Babylon that I have built?" This is not just a statement of pride but a dialogue with an occult influence that fueled the idea that he could become more than a man, that he could become a "mutant" capable of transcending human limits and ruling Babylon forever.

In the context of Babylonian religion, there were myths and beliefs about beings who, through occult practices, became demigods or obtained supernatural powers. Seduced by these ideas, Nebuchadnezzar sought to secure eternal dominion through these occult forces. He was not speaking alone when he expressed his pride. He was either discussing with those who fed these illusions, his sorcerers, or he was already under the direct influence of the spirits controlling him.

The result was the complete degradation of the emperor. He lived like a beast, isolated from people, devoid of human mind and reason, exactly as promised in the dream that God had given him through Daniel. However, it is a fact that God did not strike Nebuchadnezzar but offered him a warning and a chance for repentance, which the emperor ignored.

After the seven years had passed, Nebuchadnezzar lifted his eyes to heaven and recognized the sovereignty of God. This is the key to his liberation: his healing only came when he turned his gaze away from the idols and occult spirits and acknowledged that the only eternal kingdom is that of God. This is the fundamental lesson he learned and shares in his public letter, a true testament in which he testifies that no other god can change the divine order.

The correct interpretation of this episode must include all these essential details: Nebuchadnezzar was not struck by God, but was caught in the snares of an occult theology that led to his degradation. His healing did not come through his own strength or the power of any "occult god," but through the mercy of God, who helped him regain his senses when he glimpsed and recognized the divine truth. This conclusion is supported by all the details in the text and the historical and religious context of Babylon, where beliefs in superhuman beings and occult rituals were widespread. Nebuchadnezzar was seduced by these ideas and paid the price for them, but his final liberation came only when he gave up his pride and recognized the sovereignty of God.